Fwd: Economic Themes from the National People’s Congress; "Stability Maintenance"; China’s New Foreign Investment Law; China’s Venezuela Policy

Volume 19, Issue 6 March 22, 2019 In this Issue   Economic Themes from the National People's Congress Illustrate CCP Concerns for Social Stability  John Dotson This month, the National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui, 全国人民代表大会), or NPC, and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (Zhongguo Renmin Zhengzhi Xieshang Huiyi, 中国人民政治协商会议) convened concurrently in Beijing. Collectively known as the "Two Sessions" (Lianghui, 两会), the annual meetings of these bodies—normally held for two weeks in the early spring—comprise two of the largest annual events on China's official political calendar. The two bodies hold no real power—and function as, respectively, a rubber stamp legislature for Chinese Communist Party (CCP) policy decisions, and as a nominal advisory body intended to provide the state with a veneer of political pluralism. However, while the NPC and the CPPCC are both highly scripted, the "Two Sessions" often provide insights into the concerns and policy priorities of the CCP's senior leadership. *** "Stability Maintenance" Gets a Major Boost at the National People's Congress Willy Wo-Lap Lam Since the mid-2010s, the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has been preoccupied with ensuring a relatively high growth rate for China, even as the economy is facing serious downward pressures. This has emerged as a perennial theme in the annual springtime meetings of the National People's Congress (NPC) and its counterpart, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). However, an even more striking theme this year is "stability maintenance" (weiwen, 维稳)—coded language for ensuring the CCP's "perennial ruling status," and President's Xi Jinping's quasi-permanent role as the "leadership core" of the world's largest political organization. In his annual Government Work Report to the NPC, Premier Li Keqiang gave utmost emphasis to upholding social stability through means such as job creation and raising welfare payouts to underprivileged classes (China Brief, March 22). Saving and creating jobs was first among the six major areas of stability cited by Li: "stabilizing employment; stabilizing finance; stabilizing foreign trade; stabilizing foreign investment; stabilizing [domestic] investment; and stabilizing expectations." The Li cabinet has committed itself to creating 11 million new urban jobs through 2019—a tall order given the large number of factories along the coast that are moving to other countries, either to save costs or to avoid being hit by U.S. tariffs (China Daily, March 6). *** China's New Foreign Investment Law: Quick Passage after a Long Wait April A. Herlevi On March 15th, the National People's Congress (NPC) of the People's Republic of China (PRC) formally passed a new Foreign Investment Law (waishang touzi fa, 外商投资法) to govern the increasingly complex issues surrounding foreign direct investment (FDI) in the country. According to the state news service Xinhua, under the new FDI law "A foreign company doing business in China will enjoy a better investment environment" (Xinhua Twitter feed, March 2). Xinhua also claims that "the law will create a more stable, more transparent and predictable legal environment for foreign businesses in China" (Xinhua, March 2). The new FDI law will officially come into force on January 1, 2020 (Xinhua, March 19). *** China's Policy Towards a Venezuela in Crisis Jared Ward Amid the ongoing crisis in Venezuela—in which the country faces not only economic meltdown, but also a division between two rival presidents, in the persons of incumbent President Nicolas Maduro and opposition leader Juan Guaido—the People's Republic of China (PRC) remains one of the most prominent and influential nations continuing to recognize the legitimacy of the embattled Maduro government. The PRC has refused to offer any support to the opposition, and has maintained its friendly relations with the sitting government; however, Venezuela's increasing international isolation and free-falling economy carry with them increasing anxieties that Maduro can remain a useful partner. The erosion of Venezuela's economic situation—including its ability to continue oil production—has left China scrambling for ways to respond to the worsening situation of its ally in Caracas. *** Strategic Strong Points and Chinese Naval Strategy Conor Kennedy On August 1, 2017, China opened its first overseas military base, in the East African nation of Djibouti. This was a landmark event that raised a whole host of questions for Indo-Pacific states: Is Djibouti the first of other bases to come? If so, how many? Where will China build them? How will they be used? Where do they fit into Chinese military strategy? Chinese policymakers and analysts are pondering these same questions. However, they are employing concepts unique to Chinese strategic discourse, and it is essential to grasp these concepts in order to understand how Beijing intends to project military power abroad. For the People's Republic of China (PRC), the term "overseas military base" (haiwai junshi jidi, 海外军事基地) carries significant historical baggage: foreign imperialists built them on the soil of other countries in order to colonize and exploit them. On the other hand, Chinese policymakers have come to recognize the value of maintaining locations overseas where the Chinese military—above all, the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN)—can concentrate resources needed to support operations abroad. To distinguish Chinese actions from the predatory deeds of Western and Japanese imperialists, Chinese military thinkers have adopted a specialized term: the "strategic strong point" (zhanlüe zhidian, 战略支点). [1] A careful analysis of the Chinese use of this concept offers valuable insights into Beijing's strategic intentions outside of East Asia. *** View PDF View Web Version Follow China Brief on Twitter Forward Share Tweet Contact Us

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Fw: Your ABRA Investment

Fw: Workin’ on the Railroad: Help Tag Railroad Valuation Maps

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Learn more about Railroad Valuation maps, and help identify features and details to make them searchable by name and location!

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> Share this email with a friend
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> Workin' on the Railroad: Help Tag Railroad Valuation Maps
>
> Under the Valuation Act of 1913, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) used Railroad Valuation maps to help evaluate railroad property. The original maps were created between 1915 and 1920 by ICC and railroad employees who were tasked with inventorying most of the rail lines in the United States. The information within these maps was to be used to determine rates for transportation of freight via those rail lines.  
>
> Valuation Section 7, Sheet 12, 6/30/1917, Valuation Maps for the Lehigh Valley Railroad. National Archives Identifier 100306531
>
> In the Cartographic Branch at the National Archives, these records are part of RG 134: Records of the Interstate Commerce Commission, totaling approximately 11,000 cubic feet of materials. Mostly blueprints, these maps are divided into two sub-groups: the original valuation maps and the revised maps.  
>
> The records are among the most requested records from the Cartographic Branch, and the wealth of information found within these maps makes it easy to see why. The revised maps were updated until approximately 1960, and allows you to follow changes in the railroad over time. These maps contain a wealth of detail, including information about the railroad's facilities along the rail lines, land adjacent to the railroad (sometimes bearing the land owner's name), the layout of city blocks at the time the map was drawn, and who was operating the railroad at the time.
>
> Valuation Section 16.1, Sheet 3, Valuation Maps for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. National Archives Identifier 109181929
>
> As more of these maps are digitized and available to view in the National Archives Catalog, we've created a special tagging mission for our citizen archivists: help us identify geographic locations and landowner information within each map! Tagging these features and details within the maps will help make these records searchable by name and location.  
>
> For example, in this valuation map for the Southern Railway Company in North Carolina, look for the names of cities, landowners, or grantors within the record. Type the names you see in the Tag field. The next time you search for those names and locations, this map will be among the search results!
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> Add tags to identify geographic locations and landowner information, such as: Jim Breedlove, E.H. Jennings, Toxaway Inn N.C., Lake Toxaway
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> Special thanks to Carol Swain, Amy Edwards, Ryan McPherson, and  Peter Brauer for their insight on this topic. Learn more about how to research these records in their post on the Unwritten Record blog.  
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> The fingerprint card of Rosa Parks was produced in association with her arrest for refusing to obey orders of a bus driver on December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama. National Archives Identifier 279205
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Fwd: Report from Hiroshima and Nagasaki

#via ccsend.com 

Dear Susan, March is Women's History Month. Tens of thousands of women worked on the Manhattan Project as scientists, military service members, secretaries, welders, telephone operators, technicians, and in many other roles. For Women's History Month, the Department of Energy has developed a neat coloring book that can be downloaded and printed featuring scientists Blanche Lawrence, Floy Agnes Lee, Irène Joliot-Curie, and Lilli Hornig. DOE has also featured them in their poster series (see above image - by Cort Kreer for the Department of Energy). For more on women in the Manhattan Project, please see our articles on the topic, including Women and the Bomb, Manhattan Project Spotlight: Women Workers, and Women's Army Corps. IN THIS ISSUE: Report from Hiroshima and Nagasaki AHF Launches Program on French Nuclear History In Memoriam: Roy Glauber and Esther Floth History Article Roundup "Voices of the Manhattan Project" Report from Hiroshima and Nagasaki Cindy Kelly, founder and president of the Atomic Heritage Foundation (AHF), traveled in Japan from February 7 to 22, 2019, visiting Tokyo, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The purpose was to talk to Japanese government officials, museum directors, university professors, and hibakusha (atomic bomb survivors) about the atomic bomb and its legacy. (Pictured: Kelly with Nagasaki Mayor Tomihisa Taue.) Four years ago on May 1, 2015, Kelly met with the mayors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in New York City. The Mayors urged that the interpretation of the Manhattan Project National Historical Park include the devastating impacts of the atomic bombs on the people and cities in Japan. On this trip, Kelly was able to visit both Hiroshima and Nagasaki for the first time and record interviews with the Mayors. (Pictured: the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Dome.) As President of the Mayors for Peace, Mayor Kazumi Matsui of Hiroshima is dedicated to ensuring that the full story of the atomic bombing is told so that there may be "no more Hiroshimas." Mayor Tomihisa Taue of Nagasaki is equally concerned to convey the impact of the atomic bombings on Nagasaki. As leaders of the Mayors for Peace, they have recruited over 7,700 mayors worldwide and advocated for the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons which passed on July 7, 2017. In Hiroshima, after exploring the Hiroshima Peace Park and looking at the impressive exhibitions at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, Kelly interviewed Museum Director Kenji Shiga and Chairperson Yasuyoshi Komizo of the Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation. She also recorded a presentation by hibakusha Keiko Ogura. The next day in Hiroshima, she interviewed Robert "Bo" Jacobs of Hiroshima City University and Tomoko Watanabe, founder of Asian Network for Trust. After examining several enormous trees which survived the atomic bomb, Tomoko introduced Kelly to okonomiyaki, Hiroshima's delicious specialty. Later, Kelly met with Mariko Nishizawa and Yuriko Koshobu to learn about the Hiroshima Prefecture's Peace Promotion Project. (Pictured: a statue in the Nagasaki Peace Park.) In Nagasaki, Kelly had an excellent tour of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum and Memorial Hall followed by an interview with Mayor Taue. Other interviews included Masao Tomonaga, who was two when the atomic bomb struck Nagasaki. Like his father, he became a doctor and later director of the Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Hospital. In addition, Kelly interviewed Yoshiro Yamawaki and Mitsugi Moriguchi who shared their experiences as hibakusha. On March 10, 2018, Moriguchi became the first Nagasaki survivor to visit the B Reactor at Hanford. At Nagasaki University, Kelly met with Director Tatsujiro Suzuki and his colleagues at the Research Center on the Abolition of Nuclear Weapons (RECNA). They were interested in AHF's plans to create educational resources for high school teachers and students on the atomic bombs and their legacy. (Pictured from left: Masao Tomonaga, Cindy Kelly, Keiko Nakamura, Satoshi Hirose, and Tatsujiro Suzuki.) In Tokyo, Professor Takao Takahara invited Kelly to address students and other faculty members at the Meiji Gakuin University. One student, Keyao "Kyle" Pan, is getting his doctorate at the University of Chicago. Faculty member Yuko Shibata recently published "Producing Hiroshima and Nagasaki," a book about interpretation in literature, film and transnational politics. After a very lively session, Professor Takahara introduced Kelly to a delicious soba (buckwheat noodles) dinner in a small restaurant nearby. (Pictured: remnants of the Urakami Cathedral in Nagasaki.) The success of the visit would not have been possible without the invaluable help of Sachiko Komatsu of the City of Hiroshima and Yayoi Minokawa of the City of Nagasaki. Ms. Kamatsu and Ms. Minokawa arranged many of the interviews, juggled schedules and venues, and were excellent translators. AHF is deeply grateful for their extraordinary assistance. The trip to Japan was very stimulating and inspiring. With the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II in August 2020, AHF is expanding its efforts to include Japanese perspectives in its resources online and to create a series of engaging educational resources for high school teachers and students. Most immediately, AHF hopes to publish the interviews taken in Japan on AHF's website this summer and looks forward to continued dialogue and collaboration in the future. AHF Launches Program on French Nuclear History Around the world, Marie Curie is recognized as one of the most brilliant scientists of the past 200 years. In recognition of the transformative discoveries of Marie Curie and other French nuclear scientists, the Atomic Heritage Foundation (AHF) has launched a new online educational program called "France and the Atomic Age" on its "Ranger in Your Pocket" website. (Pictured: Marie Curie, image courtesy Musée Curie coll. ACJC.) With two dozen video vignettes featuring French scientists and experts, "France and the Atomic Age" provides a valuable overview of French nuclear history. The program highlights the pioneering scientific discoveries of the Curie family, French scientists' contributions to the Manhattan Project, and France's nuclear energy and weapons policies. Marie and Pierre Curie's work on radioactivity earned them the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Henri Becquerel. After Pierre's death, Marie would be awarded the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of the radioactive elements polonium and radium. The discovery of radioactivity and radioactive elements revolutionized modern physics. These discoveries led to many scientific and engineering innovations, as well as the eventual development of nuclear reactors and weapons. (Pictured: Irène, Marie, and Irène's daughter Hélène. Image courtesy Musée Curie coll. ACJC.) Marie and Pierre's daughter Irène Curie continued in her parents' footsteps, training as a chemist and working with her mother at the Radium Institute that Marie had founded in Paris. There, Irène met a promising young physicist named Frédéric Joliot. They married and, like Marie and Pierre, embarked on a long collaborative career that would also earn them a Nobel Prize. With their discovery of artificial radioactivity in the early 1930s, Irène and Frédéric (pictured) realized that physicists would one day soon be able to harness the energy of the atom. Just a few years later, the discovery of nuclear fission led to an international race for the atomic bomb. "France and the Atomic Age" describes the struggle of French scientists during World War II to keep nuclear secrets and materials out of the hands of the Nazis. With the fall of France imminent, in June 1940 Lew Kowarski and Hans Halban escaped from Bordeaux by boat to England. On board, they smuggled France's entire supply of heavy water, which could have been used by the Nazis. Five French scientists, including Kowarski and Halban, were involved with the Manhattan Project. They were mostly located in Canada, where they successfully built a heavy water reactor at Chalk River. (Pictured: Irène and Frédéric with Lew Kowarski. Image courtesy Musée Curie coll. ACJC.) After World War II, the French government named Frédéric Joliot-Curie as the director of a new agency, the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) or the Atomic Energy Commissariat. The program explores how France came to develop both nuclear energy and weapons. Today, France has over 300 nuclear weapons. Like the United States, France has a nuclear triad with weapons mounted on submarines, missiles, and airplanes. The Atomic Heritage Foundation is very grateful to the Richard Lounsbery Foundation for its support of the project, and to the Institut Curie for providing photographs for use in the program. AHF also thanks Hélène Langevin-Joliot and Philippe Halban for contributing their wonderful personal accounts. In Memoriam: Roy Glauber and Esther Floth We lost two good friends and Manhattan Project veterans recently. On December 26, Nobel Prize winning physicist Roy Glauber passed away at the age of 93. On February 28, Esther Floth, who worked as a secretary for General Leslie Groves, died at age 96. Roy Glauber, recruited to join the project when he was 18 years old, was one of the youngest scientists at Los Alamos during World War II. He worked under Hans Bethe, calculating the critical mass and neutron diffusion necessary for an atomic bomb. Glauber interacted with J. Robert Oppenheimer, Richard Feynman, Stanislaus Ulam, Robert Serber, and John von Neumann. Since he was not authorized to join the group of physicists closest to the Trinity Test site, Glauber and a small group of people camped on Sandia Peak near Albuquerque to witness the first atomic detonation on July 16, 1945. After the war, Glauber devoted his career to developing theories regarding quantum physics and its application to light. Glauber was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for his foundational research in the field of quantum optics, "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence." For more about Glauber and his involvement with the Manhattan Project, you can listen to his interviews on the Voices of the Manhattan Project website and visit his profile on the AHF website. You can also read obituaries in the Washington Post, the Harvard Crimson, and Physics World. Esther Green Floth attended Strayer Business College in Washington, D.C., where she studied to become a secretary. During World War II, Floth was hired by General Groves, the director of the Manhattan Project. Once she obtained top secret clearance, Floth joined Groves and his administrative assistant, Jean O'Leary, in a two-room office at the New War Department Building at 21st Street and Virginia Avenue NW. Floth met notable scientists such as J. Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, Edward Teller, and Niels Bohr over the course of her employment. She reflected fondly on visits from "Oppie" in her interview. "When he used to come in the office, if I did something for him, he would bring me candy or flowers. He was such a sweet man." At the conclusion of the war, Floth took a position with the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project in Fairbanks, Alaska. In 1951, she relocated to San Francisco to work for the manager of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), remaining there until she married Edward Floth in 1953. Floth and her husband moved to Dublin, California, where they both found positions with the AEC at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. For more information about Esther Green Floth and her involvement with the Manhattan Project, watch her interview on the Voices of the Manhattan Project website. You can view her photographs and letters on her profile. History Article Roundup Here is a roundup of interesting content published recently related to the Manhattan Project, World War II, and nuclear history:  Ernest Lawrence's brilliant failure: Physics Today describes the contributions of Manhattan Project scientists Ernest Lawrence, Luis Alvarez, and Edwin McMillan to the development of color television. Lise Meitner – the forgotten woman of nuclear physics who deserved a Nobel Prize: The Conversation describes Lise Meitner's (pictured) key contributions to the discovery of nuclear fission, and how as a Jewish woman she was left out of the awards for the discovery. Nagasaki's educators changing perspective on A-bomb teachings: In Nagasaki, students are being taught more broadly about World War II history, with teachers encouraging student dialogue. New Photo Exhibit Brings an Architect's Eye to Hanford History: Photographer Harley Cowan's masterful prints of properties in the Hanford unit of the Manhattan Project National Historical Park are now on display at the Allied Arts Gallery at the Park in Richland. The Atomic Soldiers: The New York Times published an op-documentary with interviews of "Atomic Soldiers," or US soldiers who took part in nuclear weapons tests. They recall witnessing the nuclear tests, and describe how the tests have impacted their lives and health. The Secret Life of Mary Lucy Miller: A detailed look at Sgt. Miller (pictured), who held a doctorate in chemistry from Columbia University. She worked on plutonium chemistry at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project. "Voices of the Manhattan Project" Here are some oral history interviews we have recently published on the Voices of the Manhattan Project website.  CJ Mitchell grew up in northeastern Texas. In this interview, he describes moving to Hanford after graduating from high school in 1947. Only 16 years old, Mitchell took a job working on the trailer park in North Richland and other construction projects. He later studied at Columbia Basin College and got a job at one of General Electric's Hanford laboratories as an Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) specialist. He describes the racism he encountered in the Tri-Cities area and how segregation and the Great Migration impacted him and his family. Mitchell, an avid sports enthusiast and coach, was also famous in the Northwest for his work as a sports official. Eric Pierce is a senior scientist and leader of the Earth Sciences Group in the Environmental Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Born in New Orleans, Pierce has a Ph.D in low-temperature geochemistry from Tulane University. In this interview, Pierce describes some of the work of his team at Oak Ridge, including how contaminants and energy production byproducts such as mercury move through the environment. He provides an overview of the important mercury research and discoveries scientists have made at ORNL, and speaks to the collaborative and dynamic nature of ORNL as a workplace. Norris Jernigan served in the 509th Composite Group at Wendover, UT, and Tinian Island during the Manhattan Project. In this interview, Jernigan describes being assigned to the Intelligence Office of the 393rd Bomb Squadron. As a clerk, he prepared information for briefing missions and typed subsequent reports. Jernigan discusses what it was like serving in Wendover and Tinian, the relationships between the different squadrons, and the atmosphere of the island during and between the atomic bombings of Japan. He also describes seeing the Enola Gay in pieces in 1980 before it was restored by the Smithsonian. Robert "Bob" Krauss is the Official Historian of the 509th Composite Group. He and his wife, Amelia Krauss, published The 509th Remembered, which profiles the service members of the 509th Composite Group and the events that surrounded the group and its role in dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In this interview, Krauss discusses how he became interested in collecting and preserving the history of the 509th and became the official historian for the 509th CG. He also recounts his relationship with some of the airmen, including Donald Albury, Ray Gallagher, Fred Olivi, Paul Tibbets, and others. He reflects on the atomic bombings, the legacy of the Manhattan Project, and visiting some of the Manhattan Project sites today. Ronald E. Mickens is a physicist who currently teaches at Clark Atlanta University. He is a prominent voice in the African-American scientific community, and has written several works documenting the feats of previous black physicists. He was friendly with several African-American scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project, including J. Ernest Wilkins, and describes their careers and the racism they faced. Mickens also discusses his own career, the importance of curiosity to scientific research, and the challenges African-American scientists have had to overcome to pursue their research. Thomas Cormier is a nuclear physicist who leads the Large Hadron Collider Heavy Ion Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In this interview, Cormier describes how he became interested in science at a young age. He then discusses his work at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, on experiments such as ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment). Cormier underscores the importance of such research, explaining how it offers insight into the formation of our universe. Our websites attracted nearly 3 million pageviews in 2018, including visits from hundreds of thousands of students. In 2019, we aim to reach thousands more students and educators by developing lesson plans and other classroom resources on the Manhattan Project and Cold War history. But we can only do this with your help. Please consider supporting AHF with a generous donation. Thank you very much! Sincerely, President Atomic Heritage Foundation VISIT OUR WEBSITE Atomic Heritage Foundation 910 17th Street, NW, Suite 408, Washington, DC 20006 ‌ ‌ ‌ Copyright © 2019. All Rights Reserved. SUBSCRIBE TO LIST

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